'hello'.upper()  # => 'HELLO'
'hello world'.title()  # => 'Hello World'

$ pip list --outdated

$ pip install --upgrade pip

$ pip install -U pip

python -m pip install --upgrade pip

import requests

URL = 'http://www.1101.com/home.html'

r = requests.get(URL)

if r.status_code == 200:
    print(r.text.encode('utf-8'))  # => 文字化けしたテキスト

    # 文字化けの原因はエンコーディング
    print(r.encoding)  # => 'ISO-8859-1'

    # エンコーディングを変更すると
    # 自動で文字化けが解消されたテキストが取得できるようになる
    # エンコード utf-8 の部分は状況に応じて変更すれば OK
    r.encoding = 'Shift_JIS'
    print(r.text.encode('utf-8'))

import unittest


def bubble_sort(li):
    """バブルソートでソートしたリストを返す"""
    li_sorted = li[:]

    length = len(li_sorted)
    for i in range(0, length):
        for j in range(1, length - i):
            if li_sorted[j - 1] > li_sorted[j]:
                swap(li_sorted, j)

    return li_sorted


def swap(li, index):
    """リストの隣り合った要素 index -1 & index の値を入れ替える"""
    li[index], li[index - 1] = li[index - 1], li[index]


if __name__ == "__main__":
    class TestBubbleSort(unittest.TestCase):
        """`bubble_sort()` のテスト"""
        def test_empty(self):
            self.assertEqual(bubble_sort([]), [])

        def test_single_element(self):
            self.assertEqual(bubble_sort([10]), [10])

        def test_four_elements(self):
            self.assertEqual(bubble_sort([8, 5, 2, 1]), [1, 2, 5, 8])

        def test_three_elements(self):
            self.assertEqual(bubble_sort([1, 5, 3]), [1, 3, 5])


    unittest.main()

import requests

URL_JSON = 'http://www.lifewithpython.com/feeds/posts/default?alt=json'

r = requests.get(URL_JSON)

# 無事レスポンスが返ってきたら中身を出力
if r.status_code == 200:
    # json を取得
    j = r.json()

    # キーを表示
    print(j.keys())  # => [u'feed', u'version', u'encoding']

    # 各エントリのタイトルを一覧で表示
    entries = j['feed']['entry']
    for e in entries:
        print(e['title']['$t'])

# Python 2.x でなければ現在の Python のバージョンを表示して処理を終了する

import sys

if sys.version_info.major != 2:
    sys.stderr.write('Please use python 2.7. Your python version is as following:\n')
    sys.stderr.write('{}\n'.format(sys.version))
    exit()

# 以下メインの処理

import fabric

land_animal = {'uma': 3, 'ushi': 5, 'kame': 7}
sea_animal = {'kujira': 10, 'kame': 12}

land_animal.update(sea_animal)

print(land_animal) # => {'kame': 12, 'kujira': 10, 'uma': 3, 'ushi': 5}

# 変数 abc があるかどうかをチェック
try:
    abc
except NameError:
    # なかった場合の処理

string = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'

counter = {}
for c in string:
    if not c in counter:
        counter[c] = 1
    else:
        counter[c] += 1

print(counter)  # => {'a': 3, 'c': 3, 'e': 2, ...

# 各朝食メニューの回数を調べる
breakfast = ['kome', 'pan', 'kome', 'kome', 'cereal', 'pan', 'kome']

numbers = dict()
for b in breakfast:
    if b in numbers:
        numbers[b] += 1
    else:
        numbers[b] = 1

print(numbers)
# => {'pan': 2, 'kome': 4, 'cereal': 1}

print('hello, {}'.format('world'))  
# => hello world
print('hello, {}'.format('goodbye'))  
# => hello goodbye

from bisect import bisect_left, bisect_right

li = [1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 22, 30, 35]

index_left = bisect_left(li, 6)  # => 3
index_right = bisect_right(li, 6)  # => 4

f.g(x) = f(g(x))

# ライブラリの読み込み
import re
from collections import Counter

# 00 テキストの取得
target_text = """
Python is a remarkably powerful dynamic programming language that is used in a wide variety of application domains. Python is often compared to Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Scheme or Java. Some of its key distinguishing features include:

very clear, readable syntax
strong introspection capabilities
intuitive object orientation
natural expression of procedural code
full modularity, supporting hierarchical packages
exception-based error handling
very high level dynamic data types
extensive standard libraries and third party modules for virtually every task
extensions and modules easily written in C, C++ (or Java for Jython, or .NET languages for IronPython)
embeddable within applications as a scripting interface
"""

# 01 文章を単語に分ける
# 複数の区切り文字を指定するため re.split を使う
words = re.split(r'\s|\,|\.|\(|\)', target_text.lower())

# 02 集計する
counter = Counter(words)

# 03 表示する
# Counter#most_common を使って出現頻度の降順に csv 形式で表示する
for word, count in counter.most_common():
    if len(word) > 0:
        print("%s,%d" % (word, count))
# => csv 形式の単語出現回数

li1 = [1, 2, 3]
li2 = [11, 12, 13]
zip(li1, li2)
# => [(1, 11), (2, 12), (3, 13)]

python -c "print("hello world")"
# hello world と出力される

import selenium

$ virtualenv my_env --python=/usr/bin/python2.6